PARAGRAPH

A sentence or a group of sentences that develops one unit of thought.

I do not consider our loss bleak and pitiful, but I consider it a reason for our family to become stronger. I realized that life will not always be the way we want it to be, but despite that, it offers great lessons to

NUMBER

An inflection of a noun, a pronoun, a verb, an adverb, or an adjective that indicates one, singular, or more than one, plural. A verb and its subject and a pronoun and its antecedent must agree in number or numbers.

The Makati Science Vision is a member of the National Secondary School Papers Association.

NON-RESTRICTIVE MODIFIER

Also called a parenthetic expression, it is a word, a phrase, or a clause that does not limit, qualify, modify, or describe another word, phrase, or clause. It gives more information about a person, a place, or a thing. It can be deleted and the meaning of the sentence will not be affected.

Glenn Angelo Galano, Makati Science High School first year student, received a certificate of high distinction from the 2002 Australian Mathematics Competition (AMC) and a certificate of recognition from the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) during the AMC Philippine Awarding Ceremonies at the DOST Executive Lounge, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila, Oct. 23.

IRREGULAR VERB

A verb that forms its past tense and its past participle by changing its internal vowel or by some other change as opposed to the usual addition of –d or –ed to the present form of regular verbs.

The Spanish throne took over Sampiro for 25 years.

INFLECTION

A variation of a verb, a noun or a pronoun, or an adverb or an adjective that indicates case, tense, voice, gender, or number. Conjugation is the inflection of verbs, comparison is the inflection of adverbs and adjectives; and declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives.

Information exchanges and analyses encourage students to conduct researches and to interpret data.

INFINITIVE

A verbal that consists of to, the sign of infinitive, and the present form of the verb, the stem of infinitive. An infinitive is used primarily as a noun and less recurrently as an adverb or an adjective. It may have a subject, an object, a modifier, or a complement. See VERBAL.

For despite that our worlds then spun around crayons and pad papers, Maggi had taught me to look positively at everything and to propel myself toward inner maturity and self-betterment.

INDIRECT OBJECT

Also called an inserted object, it is a noun or a pronoun that indicates to what or for what or to whom or for whom the action of a transitive verb is performed.

I asked her a question.

GERUND

Also called a verbal noun, it is a verbal that ends in –ing and is used as a noun. It may take a subject, an object, a modifier, or a complement.

Maggi loved drawing brilliant trees and clouds, and I was fond of sketching colorful flowers and butterflies.

SEE VERBAL

GENDER

The classification of a noun or a pronoun as masculine (male), feminine (female), common (male or female), or neuter (neither male or female).

Doña Leona Florentino was the first Filipino poetess whose lyrical and satirical works were exhibited at the Exposición General de Filipinas in Madrid, 1887, and at the Exposición Internationale in Paris, 1889.

DIRECT OBJECT

A noun or a pronoun that answers who or what and receives the action of a transitive verb.

The Ayalas and the Zobels restored Sampiro.

DETERMINER

A word, such as a demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, or those), an article (definite article: the or indefinite article: a or an), a possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, or their, among others); an indefinite adjective (all, another, any, both, each, few, many, more, several, some, among others), or a numeral adjective (cardinal numeral adjective: one, two, three, 10, 11, 12, among others; ordinal numeral adjective: first, second, third, 10th, 11th, 12th, among others; or multiplicative numeral adjective: twofold, threefold, fourfold, among others); that signals, indicates, or determines a noun:

Chosen from among the 222 public and private educators in the country, Mrs Erlinda De Guzman-Antaran, Makati Science High School Filipino Language teacher, emerged as one of the 12 Metrobank Foundation Outstanding Teachers for the year 2002.

DEGREE

The inflection of an adverb or an adjective that indicates quality. The three degrees of comparison are positive, a quality of a single element (beautiful); comparative, a quality between two elements (more beautiful); and superlative, a quality among three or more elements (most beautiful).

Andrea decides to live in New York after landing a good job in Runway, a popular fashion magazine where Prada, Versace, Armani, and all shout at every turn, where thin and stylish men and women clad in tight leather pants and ribbed turtlenecks thrive.

DECLENSION

The inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that indicates number: singular or plural; and case: nominative, objective, or possessive.

World Englishes reject the traditional dichotomy of native and non-native varieties and replaces it with pluricentric and multicultural English in a spirit of equality and shared communicative responsibility.

CONNECTIVE

A word or a phrase that connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. A connective is either a relative pronoun, a conjunctive adverb, a correlative conjunction, a coordinating conjunction, a subordinating conjunction, or a transitional word or phrase.

In one way or the other, they do have points, really, but we have more logical and gigantic points to prove and to rationalize – that we also mind scores scribbled on tally boards, not only grades written on report cards – that we can also perform very well in sports, not only in academics – that despite of all odds, we can make this event, the Makati Science High School Intramurals, a tremendous success.

CONJUGATION

The list of inflections that displays the first, second, and third person singular and plural forms of verbs in active and in passive voices:


CONJUGATION OF SAVE

Principal Parts: save, saved, saved
Present Participle: saving
Present Infinitive: to save
Past Infinitive: to have saved


ACTIVE VOICE

Present Tense
First Person: I save we save
Second Person: you save you save
Third Person: he, she, it saves they save

Present Emphatic Tense
First Person: I do save we do save
Second Person: you do save you do save
Third Person: he, she, it does save they do save

Present Perfect Tense
First Person: I have saved we have saved
Second Person: you have saved you have saved
Third Person he, she, it has saved they have saved

Present Progressive Tense
First Person: I am saving we are saving
Second Person: you are saving you are saving
Third Person: he, she, it is saving they are saving

Present Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I have been saving we have been saving
Second Person: you have been saving you have been saving
Third Person: he, she, it has been saving they have been saving

Past Tense
First Person: I saved we saved
Second Person: you saved you saved
Third Person: he, she, it saved they saved

Past Emphatic Tense
First Person: I did save we did save
Second Person: you did save you did save
Third Person he, she, it did save they did save

Past Perfect Tense
First Person: I had saved we had saved
Second Person: you had saved you had saved
Third Person: he, she, it had saved they had saved

Past Progressive Tense
First Person: I was saving we were saving
Second Person: you were saving you were saving
Third Person: he, she, it was saving they were saving

Past Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I had been saving we had been saving
Second Person: you had been saving you had been saving
Third Person: he, she, it had been saving they had been saving

Future Tense
First Person: I shall save we shall save
Second Person: you will save you will save
Third Person: he, she, it will save they will save

Future Perfect Tense
First Person: I shall have saved we shall have saved
Second Person: you will have saved you will have saved
Third Person: he, she, it will have saved they will have saved

Future Progressive Tense
First Person: I shall be saving we shall be saving
Second Person: you will be saving you will be saving
Third Person: he, she, it will be saving they will be saving

Future Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I shall have been saving we shall have been saving
Second Person: you will have been saving you will have been saving
Third Person: he, she, it will have been saving they will have been saving


PASSIVE VOICE

Present Tense
First Person: I am saved we are saved
Second Person: you are saved you are saved
Third Person: he, she, it is saved they are saved

Present Perfect Tense
First Person: I have been saved we have been saved
Second Person: you have been saved you have been saved
Third Person: he, she, it has been saved they have been saved

Present Progressive Tense
First Person: I am being saved we are being saved
Second Person: you are being saved you are being saved
Third Person: he, she, it is being saved they are being saved

Present Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I have been being saved we have been being saved
Second Person: you have been being saved you have been being saved
Third Person: he, she, it has been being saved they have been being saved

Past Tense
First Person: I was saved we were saved
Second Person: you were saved you were saved
Third Person: he, she, it was saved they were saved

Past Perfect Tense
First Person: I had been saved we had been saved
Second Person: you had been saved you had been saved
Third Person: he, she, it had been saved they had been saved

Past Progressive Tense
First Person: I was being saved we were being saved
Second Person: you were being saved you were being saved
Third Person: he, she, it was being saved they were being saved

Past Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I had been being saved we had been being saved
Second Person: you had been being saved you had been being saved
Third Person: he, she, it had been being saved they had been being saved

Future Tense
First Person: I shall be saved we shall be saved
Second Person: you will be saved you will be saved
Third Person: he, she, it will be saved they will be saved

Future Perfect Tense
First Person: I shall have been saved we shall have been saved
Second Person: you will have been saved you will have been saved
Third Person: he, she, it will have been saved they will have been saved

Future Progressive Tense
First Person: I shall be being saved we shall be being saved
Second Person: you will be being saved you will be being saved
Third Person: he, she, it will be being saved they will be being saved

Future Perfect Progressive Tense
First Person: I shall have been being saved we shall have been being saved
Second Person: you will have been being saved you will have been being saved
Third Person: he, she, it will have been being saved they will have been being saved

COMPLEMENT

A word or a phrase that completes the meaning of a verb, a subject, or an object.

A subjective complement completes a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.

Maggi was my seatmate and best friend.

An objective complement completes a transitive verb and renames or describes the direct object.

Ivy considered Maggi a wonderful friend.

CASE

The inflection of a pronoun that reflects grammatical function in a sentence. Nouns and pronouns have three cases: nominative case, used as subjects of verbs (I, you, he, she, it, we, or they); objective case, used for verbs, verbals, and prepositions (me, you, him, her, it, us, or them); and possessive case, used as adjectives showing possession or ownership (my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, or theirs).

She gave her employees a raise that pleased them very much.

ANTECEDENT

A noun or another pronoun that a pronoun refers to in a sentence. A pronoun and its antecedent must agree in gender, in person, and in number.

Maggi kept introducing her new friends as if nobody is protesting.

AGREEMENT

A correspondence of a verb and its subject in person and in number.

I remember Maggi perfectly.

Also, a correspondence of a pronoun and its antecedent in gender, in person, and in number.

My mother still had the courage to advise us to be strong though I felt that she was hurting inside.

ABSOLUTE ADJECTIVE

Also called an incomparable adjective, it is an adjective, such as absolute, complete, fundamental, main, perfect, primary, square, unique, among others, that cannot be modified or intensified comparatively and superlatively.

Children in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Brunei Darussalam learn the English language as early in primary schools or even in preparatory schools.

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ABBREVIATION
ABSTRACT NOUN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ADJECTIVE
ADVERB
ADVERB OF AFFIRMATION
ADVERB OF CAUSE AND EFFECT
ADVERB OF CONDITION
ADVERB OF DEGREE
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB OF NEGATION
ADVERB OF PLACE
ADVERB OF PURPOSE
ADVERB OF TIME
ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE
AUXILIARY VERB
CAPITALIZATION
CLAUSE
COLLECTIVE NOUN
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH
COMMON NOUN
COMPLETE PREDICATE
COMPLETE SUBJECT
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPOUND PREDICATE
COMPOUND SENTENCE
COMPOUND SUBJECT
COMPOUND VERB
CONCRETE NOUN
CONJUNCTION
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
CONTENTS
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
COUNT NOUN
DECLARATIVE SENTENCE
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE
DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE
DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN
EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH
EMPHATIC INTERJECTION
ENGLISH GRAMMAR TERMS
ENGLISH IS A CRAZY LANGUAGE
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE
FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
INTENSIVE PRONOUN
INTERJECTION
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
INTERROGATIVE ADVERB
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
INTRANSITIVE VERB
KACHRU'S THREE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES: VARIATIONS OF NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE ENGLISH
LIMITING ADJECTIVE
LINKING VERB
LIST OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR TERMS
MASS NOUN
MATERIALS FOR PARSING ACTIVITIES
MILD INTERJECTION
NEGATIVE PRONOUN
NOMINATIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN
NOUN
OBJECTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN
OTHER RULES
PERSONAL PRONOUN
PHRASE
PINOYS SAY THEIR ENGLISH PROFICIENCY GETTING BETTER
POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
PREFACE
PREPOSITION
PRONOUN
PROPER ADJECTIVE
PROPER NOUN
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
RELATIVE PRONOUN
SENTENCE
SIMPLE PREDICATE
SIMPLE SENTENCE
SIMPLE SUBJECT
SPELLING
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
TRANSITIVE VERB
USE OF NAMES AND TITLES
USE OF NUMBERS
USE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
VERB

COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE

A sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clause or clauses.

If you will use profane words [dependent clause], a North Wind will blow your lips [independent clause], and it will strike forever that way [independent clause].

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause or clauses.

We shall harness a milieu [independent clause] where students will exude creativity, discipline, confidence, and critical thinking [dependent clause]; where teachers will practice understanding, professionalism, and devotion to their craft [dependent clause]; and where the administration will heed the preponderance [dependent clause].

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A group of words with a subject and a predicate that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. A dependent clause begins with either a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction.

Intramurals is one of the most exciting episodes of our high school lives because it is the time [dependent clause] when we remove ourselves from the shackles of grudges, boredom, hardships, and pressures [dependent clause] and because it brings out the best within ourselves [dependent clause].